GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is perhaps the most important environmental problem in the world today. Levels of greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere due to human activities, and are changing the composition of the atmosphere and global warming. Climate scientists agree that human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels contribute to the problem. Scientists have predicted the phenomemon of global warming for decades. Unfortunately, some of the adverse effects of global warming, they have also predicted begin to occur throughout the world, including: growing incidence of droughts in some areas, floods in others;
• The rising temperatures of oceans and the sea level;
• increase extreme weather events such as tornadoes and hurricanes;
• The melting of mountain glaciers and the reduction of snow cover;
• Dying coral reefs, and
• Coastal erosion, and loss of coastal ecosystems.
(Riska Haryati)


LIPID
Lipid is all compound produced by organism, do not in water of, but earning diekstraksi by pelarut able to dissolving like fat and example: chloroform, heksana, toluen, acetone. Lipid of most found in combination with compound other simple (like wax;candle ester, trigliserida, sterile of and ester fosfolipid), combination with carbohydrate (glikolipid), combination with protein (lipoprotein). Triterpenoid is the born of isoprenoid asiklik skualen (C30H50), intact component from cod, oil vegetable, mushroom .(Diyah Rauhillah Hasni)


CALORIMETRY
Calorimetry is a methode analysis chemistry of basic the similiary colour betwen lateness sampel of lateness standard. The eye detector usually use in calorimetry and to make sure for the consentration sampel in similiary standard lateness colour. The condition of the lateness must be colouring if not, the lateness must be given colour. (Eka Agustian)


PRECIPITATION
Precipitation is the formation of a solid in a solution during a chemical reaction.When the reaction occurs, the solid formed is called the precipitate, and the liquid remaining above the solid is called the supernate. Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments, removing salts from water in water treatment, and for qualitative chemical analysis. (Rieda Rasyidah)


POLARIZABILITY
Polarizability is the ease of distortion of the electron cloud of a molecular entity by an electric field (such as that due to the proximity of a charged reagent). It is experimentally measured as the ratio of induced dipole moment to the field E which induces it : α = µ ind/E. The units of α are C2 m2 V-1. in ordinary usage the term refers to the “mean polarizability”, the average over three rectilinear axes of the molecule. Polarizabilities in different directions (e.g. along the bond in C12, called “longitudinal polarizability”, and in the direction perpendicular to the bond, called “transverse polarizability”) can be distinguished, at least in principle. Polarizability along the bond joining a substituent to the rest of the molecule is seen in certain modern theoretical approaches as a factor influencing chemical reactivity, etc. and parametrization there of has been proposed. (Nur Cholifah)


A Hydrogen Bond
A hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole force that exist between electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom bonded to another electronegative atom. This type of force always involves a hydrogen atom and the energy of this attraction is close to that of weak covalent bonds (155 kJ/mol), thus the name – Hydrogen Bonding. These attraction can occur between molecules (intermolecularly), or within different parts of a single molecule (intramolecularly). The hydrogen bond is a very strong fixed dipole-dipole van der Waals-Keesom force, but weaker than covalent, ionic, and metallic bonds. The hydrogen bond is somewhere between a covalent bond and an electrostatic intermolecular attraction. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is responsible for the high boiling point of water (100 ºC). This is because of the strong hydrogen bond, as opposed to other group 16 hydrides. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is partly responsible for the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of proteins and nucleic acid. (Nur Cholifah).

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

ELECTROLYTE
A chemical compound (salt, acid, or base) that dissociates into electrically charged ions when dissolved in a solvent. The resulting electrolyte (or electrolytic) solution is an ionic conductor of electricity. Very often, the so formed solution itself is simply called an "electrolyte." Also, molten salts and molten salt solutions are often called "electrolyte" when used in electrochemical cells, see ionic liquid.

IRON
The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In magnetic properties, it is superior to all other substances. (siti mutoharoh)

TITRATION
Titration is a laboratory technique by which we can determine the concentration of an unknown reagent using a standard concentration of another reagent that chemically reacts with the unknown. This standard solution is referred to as the "titrant". We have to have some way to determine when the reaction is complete that we are using. This is referred to as the "end point" or more technically the equivalence point. At that point all the unknown has been reacted with the standard titrant and some kind of chemical indicator must let us know when that point has been arrived at. (Eliawati addawiyah)

MAGNESIUM
A mineral involved in many processes in the body including nerve signaling, the building of healthy bones, and normal muscle contraction. About 350 enzymes are known to depend on magnesium. Magnesium is contained in all unprocessed foods. High concentrations of magnesium are contained in nuts, unmilled grains, dark-green leafy vegetables, legumes such as peas and beans, and fruit. Magnesium is thus readily available in foods that form the basis of a healthful diet. (Chika Rizka)

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

MERCURY
Mercury is one of the basic chemical elements. It is a heavy, silvery metal that is liquid at normal temperatures. Mercury readily forms alloys with other metals, and this makes it useful in processing gold and silver. Much of the impetus to develop mercury ore deposits in the United States came after the discovery of gold and silver in California and other western states in the 1800s. Unfortunately, mercury is also a highly toxic material, and as a result, its use has severely declined over the past 20 years. Its principal applications are in the production of chlorine and caustic soda, and as a component of many electrical devices, including fluorescent and mercury-vapor lamps. (R. Ahmad Zaky El Islami)

ARSENIC

Arsenic : A metallic element that forms a number of poisonous compounds, arsenic is found in nature at low levels mostly in compounds with oxygen, chlorine, and sulfur. These are called inorganic arsenic compounds. Arsenic in plants and animals combines with carbon and hydrogen. This is called organic arsenic. Organic arsenic is usually less harmful than inorganic arsenic. Most arsenic compounds have no smell or special taste. Inorganic arsenic compounds are mainly used to preserve wood. They are also used to make insecticides and weed killers. Copper and lead ores contain small amounts of arsenic. When arsenic enters the environment, it does not evaporate. It gets into air when contaminated materials are burned. It settles from the air to the ground where it does not break down, but can change from one form to another. Most arsenic compounds can dissolve in water. Fish and shellfish build up organic arsenic in their tissues, but most of the arsenic in fish is not toxic. (Taryana)

REDOX

Redox : The proccess oxidation is the metal loses electrons and becomes a cation. The proccess reduction is the non metal gains electrons and becomes an anion. In the reaction, electrons are transferred from the metal to the non metal. (Lin Suciani Astuti).

ANTITOXIN

Antitoxin is an antybody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin. Antitoxins are produced by certain animal , plants and bacteria. Although they are most effective in neutralizing toxins, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. Antitoxins are made within organisms, but can be injected into other organisms, including humans. This procedure involves injecting an animal with a safe amount of a particular toxin. Then, the animal’s body makes the antitoxin needed to neutralize the toxin. Later, the blood is withdrawn from the animal. When the antitoxin is obtained from the blood, it is purified and injected into a human or other animal, inducing passive immunite. To prevent serum sickness, it is often best to use antitoxin generated from the same species (Aditia Muhamad).